THE MAWÂLÎ POLICY OF THE UMAYYAD ERA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE IRANIAN REGION

Abstract

Throughout history, people have sought an environment where diverse ideas and cultures could coexist; however, these differences have often led to social divisions. The Islamic world was also affected by such separations, particularly during the Umayyad period, when the mawālī policy hindered the social integration of non-Arab Muslims. The discriminatory stance of the Umayyads, which conflicted with Islam’s egalitarian principles, provoked unrest and rebellion. This study first examines the social divisions that emerged in the early Islamic period, with a particular focus on the mawālī policy during the Umayyad era. It then explores the reactions of non-Arab Muslims to the discrimination caused by this policy, as well as the uprisings that arose in response. The mawālī policy fostered an anti-state sentiment among non-Arab Muslims, with many of the revolts during this period either initiated by or supported by the mawālī. 

The aim of this study is to analyse the societal repercussions of events from the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate to its transition into the Abbasid era. Understanding this period is crucial for comprehending the social transformations that took place across different regions of the Islamic world. In this context, it is evident that the mawālī policy left a profound impact on the conquered territories, particularly in Persia.