BAR KOKHBA İSYANI VE MS II. YÜZYILDA ROMA İMPARATORU HADRİANUS’UN IUDEİA POLİTİKASI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17119694Anahtar Kelimeler:
Aelia Capitolina, Bar Kokhba İsyanı, Hadrianus, Provincia Iudeia, Roma Legionları, Simon Bar Kokhba, Yahudi DiasporasıÖzet
Bar Kokhba İsyanı, MS 132-135 yılları arasında Yahudi halkının Roma İmparatorluğu’na karşı girişmiş olduğu askerî, dinî, siyasi ve kültürel açıdan yankı yapan son büyük ayaklanmadır. İlk Büyük Yahudi-Roma Savaşı’nda (MS 66-73) Süleyman Mabedi’nin ikinci defa yıkılmasıyla Yahudiler, hem dinî özgürlüklerini hem de etnik kimliklerini tehdit altında hissetmeye başlamışlardır. İşte ilk savaştan itibaren Roma’nın Iudeia üzerindeki artan baskısı Yahudileri bir kez daha ayaklanmaya teşvik etmiştir. İmparator Hadrianus’un, Iudeia’yı Aelia Capitolina adında bir pagan Roma kolonisine dönüştürmesi, Yahudi dinî uygulamalarını yasaklaması ve Tapınak Dağı’na Iupiter tapınağını inşa ettirmesi gibi faktörler, isyanı tetikleyen ana unsurlar arasında yer almıştır. Bu durum, Yahudi halkı arasında bir kurtarıcı beklentisiyle birleşince, isyan kaçınılmaz olmuştur. Simon Bar Kokhba adında bir kişi, bazı Yahudi din adamları tarafından mesih olarak kabul edilmiş ve halk arasında büyük destek bulmuştur. Böylece Bar Kokhba’nın önderliğinde Yahudiler, Roma’ya karşı ayaklanmışlardır. Onlar, ilk başlarda gerilla savaşı, yeraltı sığınakları ve örgütlü direniş gibi taktiklerle Roma legionlarına ciddi kayıplar verdirerek başarılı olmuşlardır. Ancak, Roma legionları Yahudilerin mağara sığınaklarını hedef alarak bu son isyanı şiddetli bir şekilde bastırmışlardır. Iudeia büyük ölçüde tahrip edilmiş, binlerce Yahudi katledilmiş, sağ kalanlar ise vatanlarından sürgün edilerek diaspora hayatına zorlanmıştır. Böylece bu son olay, Yahudi Diasporası’nın güçlenmesine ve nüfusunun dünyanın dört bir yanına dağılmasına neden olmuştur. İsyan, Yahudi tarihinde derin izler bırakmış, Bar Kokhba figürü ise bir direniş sembolüne dönüşmüştür. Ayrıca, Yahudi halkının hayatta kalma azmini ve gelecekteki kurtuluş umutlarını şekillendirmede önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Bu çalışmada, Bar Kokhba İsyanı hem tarihsel bağlamda, hem de Roma’nın dinî ve etnik azınlıklara yönelik politikalarının bir yansıması olarak antik ve modern kaynaklar ışığında değerlendirilecektir.
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